{"id":1440,"date":"2020-04-17T17:24:13","date_gmt":"2020-04-17T17:24:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/?p=1440"},"modified":"2021-11-19T22:04:24","modified_gmt":"2021-11-19T22:04:24","slug":"evariste-galois","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/evariste-galois\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0395\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4 \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac, \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1441\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/evariste-galois\/galois\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois.jpg?fit=500%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"500,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"galois\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois.jpg?fit=250%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois.jpg?fit=500%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-1441\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois.jpg?resize=150%2C150\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=150%2C150 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=150%2C150 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\u039f <strong>\u0395\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4 \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac<\/strong> (\u00c9variste Galois) \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u0393\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 19\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u039f\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 21 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u038c\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03b5\u03c6&#8217;\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 21 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03bf.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bourg-la-reine.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ba-\u03bb\u03b1-\u03a1\u03b5\u03bd<\/a> (Bourg-la-Rein) \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 10 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 25 \u039f\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1811.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 18\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 19\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 1789, \u03b7 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf 1821, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 &#8211; \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u0395\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u039f \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4, <strong>\u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03bb \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac<\/strong> (Nicolas-Gabriel Galois) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, <strong>\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ca\u03bd\u03c4 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4<\/strong> (Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Marie Demante) \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 100 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (1815, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u039d\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03af \u0395\u03bb\u03b2\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1) \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ba \u03bb\u03b1 \u03a1\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u0392\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bb\u03cc (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1). \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 18\u03bf\u03c5 (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_XVIII_of_France\" target=\"_blank\">\u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 18<sup>\u03bf\u03c5<\/sup><\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u039a\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 10\u03bf\u03c5 (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_X_of_France\" target=\"_blank\">\u039a\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 10<sup>\u03bf\u03c5<\/sup><\/a> (1825) \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u2019\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u039c\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 12 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd (1823) \u03bf \u0395\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u0398\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac&nbsp; \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b8\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u2019\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5). \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd, \u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u039f\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1823, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.louislegrand.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03af \u039b\u03b5 \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd<\/a> (Louis Le Grand), \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u039c\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf \u0392\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1 \u039f\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ce, \u03bf \u03a1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a3\u0384\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac \u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 1827 (\u03a6\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <strong>\u039c. \u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad<\/strong> (Vernier). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad, \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af, \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc. \u03a7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a4\u03bf 1828, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf Galois \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd 16 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf  (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.polytechnique.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf <\/a>(Ecole Polytechnique) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\n\u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf Louis Le Grand&nbsp; \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03af \u03a1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1 (Louis Richard). \u03a3\u2019\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrien-Marie_Legendre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u039b\u03b5\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1 (opens in a new tab)\">\u039b\u03b5\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1<\/a> (Legendre) (\u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cis.upenn.edu\/~jean\/old511\/html\/Legendre-Geometry.pdf\">El\u00e9ments de g\u00e9om\u00e9trie<\/a>\u00bb) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u039b\u03b1\u03bd\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6 (opens in a new tab)\">\u039b\u03b1\u03bd\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6<\/a> (Lagrange) \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u201cLe\u00e7ons sur le calcul des fonctions\u201d \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9:&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>\u039f \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1829 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1&nbsp;&#8220;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"fraction continue (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fraction_continue_d%27un_irrationnel_quadratique\" target=\"_blank\">fraction continue<\/a>\u00bb \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u00ab\u03a7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u0391\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u039f \u0391\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03c9\u03c3\u03cd (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy\" target=\"_blank\">\u039f \u0391\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03c9\u03c3\u03cd<\/a> (Augustin-Louis Cauchy), \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Galois \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03be\u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9.&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1829 \u03bf\n\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\n\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ba \u039b\u03b1 \u03a1\u03b5\u03bd . \u039f \u03c0\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac,\n\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\n\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7. \u039f \u03b4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03be\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5. \u039f Galois \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\n\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\n\u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u039b\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Ecole Polytechnique. \u0397 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2. O\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u039f Galois \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03c5\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 &nbsp;\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b8\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd. \u039f Galois \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5  \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad (Dinet),  \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5. \u0392\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf Galois \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae, \u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u2019\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bf Galois \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd Ecole  Pr\u00e9paratoire , &#8211; \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 Ecole Normale \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 &#8211; \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5:&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1. \u039c\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1830, \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 19 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bibnum.education.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/galois_memoire_sur_la_resolubiblite.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>M\u00e9moire sur les conditions de r\u00e9solubilit\u00e9 des \u00e9quations par radicaux<\/em><\/a><em> <\/em>&#8220;, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. \u0388\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Fourier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u03a6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad  (opens in a new tab)\">\u03a6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad <\/a>(Fourrier), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1830 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Galois \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ae\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf 1846, 14 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03b6\u03ad\u03c6 \u039b\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03b2\u03af\u03bb (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Liouville\" target=\"_blank\">\u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03b6\u03ad\u03c6 \u039b\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03b2\u03af\u03bb<\/a> (Joseph Liouville)&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u0386\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niels_Henrik_Abel\" target=\"_blank\">\u0386\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb<\/a> (Abel) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"T\u03b6\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03af (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi\" target=\"_blank\">\u0396\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03af<\/a> (Jacobi) (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af) \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u0391\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u039f\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (Abelian Integrals) &nbsp;[\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac] \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03ba (Bulletin de F\u00e9russac). A\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1  \u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5  \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03ae\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Abel \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Jacobi \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\n\u0395\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf 1830 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 10<sup>\u03bf\u03c5<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03b1. \u039c\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Cauchy (\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Galois \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf). \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bf \u03be\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bf \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2-\u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2, \u0394\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03bb\u03b5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 18 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf. \u03a4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b1 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u039b\u03af\u03b3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03bf Galois \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a6\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_amis_du_peuple\" target=\"_blank\">\u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a6\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd<\/a> (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Amis du Peuple). \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u039c\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b9\u2019\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7 \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u039f Galois \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Ecole Normale (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ens.psl.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ecole Normale<\/a>) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5 !) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u00ab\u0395\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb (Gazette des \u00e9coles). \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Galois \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u03a4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 40 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac \u03c3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5. \u039f <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u03a0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd  (opens in a new tab)\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd <\/a>(Poisson), \u03ba\u03b9\u2019\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois_notes.gif\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1447\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/evariste-galois\/galois_notes\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois_notes.gif?fit=400%2C460&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"400,460\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"galois_notes\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois_notes.gif?fit=261%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois_notes.gif?fit=400%2C460&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-1447\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois_notes.gif?resize=150%2C150\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois_notes.gif?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/galois_notes.gif?zoom=2&amp;resize=150%2C150 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\u0397 \u0391\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u00ab\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u00bb. (\u039c\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03ac&#8230;).&nbsp; \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf&nbsp; Galois &nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u0391\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sainte-P%C3%A9lagie_Prison\" target=\"_blank\">\u0391\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/a> (Sainte-Pelagie) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 6 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1832. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_Stephanie_Marginal_note.jpeg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1445\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/evariste-galois\/galois_stephanie_marginal_note\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_Stephanie_Marginal_note.jpeg?fit=224%2C298&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"224,298\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Galois_Stephanie_Marginal_note\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_Stephanie_Marginal_note.jpeg?fit=224%2C298&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_Stephanie_Marginal_note.jpeg?fit=224%2C298&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1445 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_Stephanie_Marginal_note.jpeg?resize=178%2C237\" alt=\"\" width=\"178\" height=\"237\"><\/a>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1832, \u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Galois \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1 \u03a6\u03bf\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad (Sieur Faultrier). \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <strong>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af \u03a6\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c2 N\u03c4\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb<\/strong> (Stephanie-Felice Dumotel) , \u03ba\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u039f Galois \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (29 \u0391\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1832). \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03a3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\n\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 (\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1 25 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1) \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03ce \u039d\u03c4\u0384\u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b2\u03af\u03bb (Perscheux\nd&#8217;Herbinville), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_note.jpeg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1444\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/evariste-galois\/galois_note\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_note.jpeg?fit=420%2C147&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"420,147\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Galois_note\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_note.jpeg?fit=300%2C105&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_note.jpeg?fit=420%2C147&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-1444\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_note.jpeg?resize=300%2C105\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"105\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_note.jpeg?resize=300%2C105&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Galois_note.jpeg?w=420&amp;ssl=1 420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03c5, 29 \u039c\u03b1\u0390\u03bf\u03c5 1832 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf Galois \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b7 \u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Galois, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u03a3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <strong>\u0391\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad<\/strong> (August Chevalier) \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p> <em>\u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 30 \u039c\u03b1\u0390\u03bf\u03c5 1832, \u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03af, \u03bf D\u2019Herbinville \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Galois \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5. \u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4o \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03bd  (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%B4pital_Cochin\" target=\"_blank\">\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03bd <\/a>(Cochin). \u03a4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03af, \u03bf Galois \u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1. \u039f \u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf 1843 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Liouville \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, 11 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a4\u03bf 1846 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u039a\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1  (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leopold_Kronecker\" target=\"_blank\">\u039a\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1 <\/a>(Kronecker), <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd  (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Dedekind\" target=\"_blank\">\u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd <\/a>(Dedekind) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u039a\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03ca  (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_Cayley\" target=\"_blank\">\u039a\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03ca <\/a>(Cayley), \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1 \u0386\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">\u0397 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5 \u03bf Galois \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 Galois (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galois_theory\" target=\"_blank\">\u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 Galois<\/a> (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/GaloisStudies-e1587144968950.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\ufffc (opens in a new tab)\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"191\" data-attachment-id=\"1456\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/galoisstudies\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/GaloisStudies-e1587144968950.jpg?fit=472%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"472,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"GaloisStudies\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/GaloisStudies-e1587144968950.jpg?fit=236%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/GaloisStudies-e1587144968950.jpg?fit=805%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-1456\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/GaloisStudies-e1587144968950.jpg?resize=150%2C191\" alt=\"\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Galois:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 180px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 180px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50.7018%; height: 180px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=abel\"><em>Niels Abel<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1802)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=bertrand\"><em>Joseph Bertrand<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1802)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=bienayme\"><em>Ir\u00e9nee-Jules Bienaym\u00e9<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1796)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=boole\"><em>George Boole<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1815)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=cayley\"><em>Arthur Cayley<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1821)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=dirichlet\"><em>Peter Dirichlet<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1805)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=frenet\"><em>Jean-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fr\u00e9net<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1816)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=grassman\"><em>Hermann Grassmann<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1809)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=hamilton\"><em>William Hamilton<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1805)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.1228%; vertical-align: top; height: 180px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=hermite\"><em>Charles Hermite<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1822)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=jacobi\"><em>Carl Jacobi<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1804)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=kronecker\"><em>Leopold Kronecker<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1823)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=liouville\"><em>Joseph Liouville<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1809)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=lobachevsky\"><em>Nikolai Lobachevsky<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1802)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=riemann\"><em>Bernhard Riemann<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1826)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=sarrus\"><em>Pierre Sarrus<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1798)<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=weierstrass\"><em>Karl Weierstrass<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd. 1815)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/IMG_1359-e1551549963487.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1265\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/evariste-galois\/img_1359\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/IMG_1359-e1551549963487.jpg?fit=1053%2C915&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1053,915\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.2&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;iPhone 6s&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1528300620&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;4.15&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;25&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.02&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;6&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u039b\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/IMG_1359-e1551549963487.jpg?fit=300%2C261&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/IMG_1359-e1551549963487.jpg?fit=1024%2C890&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-1265\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/IMG_1359-e1551549963487-150x150.jpg?resize=71%2C71\" alt=\"\" width=\"71\" height=\"71\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/IMG_1359-e1551549963487.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/IMG_1359-e1551549963487.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=71%2C71 213w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 71px) 100vw, 71px\" \/><\/a>\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u039b\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2<br>\u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2<br>Msc \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, Msc \u03a0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>E.T.\nBell , Men of Mathematics.<\/li><li>UIta\nC.Merzbach &amp; Carl B.Boyer , A History Of Mathematics.<\/li><li>Evariste\nGalois, <a href=\"http:\/\/mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Galois.html\">http:\/\/mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Galois.html<\/a><\/li><li>Evariste\nGalois, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=galois\">http:\/\/www.bibmath.net\/bios\/index.php?action=affiche&amp;quoi=galois<\/a><\/li><li>Evariste\nGalois, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89variste_Galois\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89variste_Galois<\/a><\/li><li>\u0395\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\n\u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac, <a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC\">https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC<\/a><\/li><li>Galois theory, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikiwand.com\/en\/Galois_theory\">https:\/\/www.wikiwand.com\/en\/Galois_theory<\/a><\/li><li>The Evariste Galois Archive, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.galois-group.net\/\">http:\/\/www.galois-group.net\/<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibnum.education.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/galois_memoire_sur_la_resolubiblite.pdf\">http:\/\/www.bibnum.education.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/galois_memoire_sur_la_resolubiblite.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u039f \u0395\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4 \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac (\u00c9variste Galois) \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u0393\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 19\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u039f\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 21 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9.&nbsp; \u038c\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1443,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[164,144],"tags":[165,166,153],"class_list":["post-1440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biographies","category-science","tag-biographies","tag-galois","tag-mathematics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03c6\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. 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Nash) \u039f \u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c2 \u039d\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1 (John Forbes Nash, Jr.) \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 13 \u0399\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1928 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bd\u03c4 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03b9\u03c4\u03b6\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0397\u03a0\u0391 (Bluefield,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In 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\u03b4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1: \u03a4\u03bf \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03af\u2026\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ae\u00a0 \u00a0(\u03a4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b9\u03c7\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \"\u03a4\u03bf \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u0398\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\", \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 29\/7\/2017 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 )\u00a0 \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2\u2026","rel":"","context":"In 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2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":4392,"url":"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/descartes\/","url_meta":{"origin":1440,"position":3},"title":"\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9.","author":"Chris","date":"9 November 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"\u039f \u03a1\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 (Ren\u00e9 Descartes), \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 17\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;biographies&quot;","block_context":{"text":"biographies","link":"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/category\/biographies\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/rene-descartes.jpg?fit=500%2C300&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1667,"url":"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/emmy-noether\/","url_meta":{"origin":1440,"position":4},"title":"Emmy Noether, \u0397 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u0386\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2","author":"Chris","date":"24 May 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"To 1964, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u0388\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u039d\u03ad\u03b1 \u03a5\u03cc\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1, \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 4 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf \"\u0386\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd\" (Men of Modern Mathematics) , \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;biographies&quot;","block_context":{"text":"biographies","link":"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/category\/biographies\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Emmy Noether","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Noether5.jpg?fit=500%2C702&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":4254,"url":"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/beatles\/","url_meta":{"origin":1440,"position":5},"title":"\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 Beatles;","author":"Chris","date":"13 April 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"\u038a\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9; \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd. \u039f\u03b9 Beatles \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd 1963 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 1970 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 20\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u2026","rel":"","context":"In 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