![\"Mark](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ibmmark.jpg?resize=976%2C400\")
<\/a>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03ce\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7-\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0397 \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03b9\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 (Grace Brewster Hopper) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 9 \u0394\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1906 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039d\u03ad\u03b1 \u03a5\u03cc\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1. \u039f \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03cc\u03bb\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 \u039c\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03c5<\/strong> (Walter Murray) \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u039c\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03bd \u03a7\u03cc\u03c1\u03bd<\/strong> (Mary Van Horne), \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u00a0\u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03b9\u03c2. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af. \u0391\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac \u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0397 \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ae\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u039d\u03ad\u03b1 \u03a5\u03cc\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1924, 18 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1 <\/strong>(Vassar College<\/a>) \u2013 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03a4\u03b6\u03ac\u03ba\u03c5 \u03a9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u039c\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c0, \u03b7 \u03a4\u03b6\u03ad\u03b9\u03bd \u03a6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u0393\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. \u00a0\u03a3\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1928. \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03ad\u03b9\u03bb <\/strong>(Yale<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a4\u03bf 1930 \u03b7 \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03b9\u03c2 \u039c\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03c5, 24 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03af\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4 \u03a6\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 (Vincent Foster Hopper), \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u0391\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039d\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a5\u03cc\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2. \u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u0392\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03ad\u03b9\u03bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf, 1930, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a4\u03bf 1931 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1943 (37 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1. \u0397 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c0\u03ae\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03ad\u03b9\u03bb \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u00abNew Types of Irreducibility Criteria<\/a>\u00bb, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00d8ystein Ore. <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392 ‘\u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bb \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1 (\u0394\u03b5\u03ba\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u201841) \u03b7 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 35 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c4\u03bf 1943, 37 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd,\u00a0 \u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c6\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03cd\u03b6\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u039c\u03af\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03c0\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd (Midshipman’s School<\/a>) \u03b7 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd (Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project) \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u039a\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c4 (Cruft Laboratories) \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1944 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03a7\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4 \u0386\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd (Howard Aiken<\/a>) \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4, \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba I (Mark I) <\/p>\n\n\n\n “\u0395\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 15,5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 <\/em> \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, 2,5 \u03bc. \u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 2,5 \u03bc. \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 <\/em>. \u0395\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 72 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf .”<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039f\u03c5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf 1994, \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n “\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03be\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u039a\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c4 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba I. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc gadget, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9. \u2026 \u039f \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba I.<\/em>“<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n \u039f \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u0386\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03be\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b7 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba \u0399\u0399. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc “\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae” (computer bug<\/strong>): \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad 70, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 17.000 \u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1945. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5, \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 “bug” \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1950, \u03bf \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 “debug\u201d \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u039f \u03c3\u03ba\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c5\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b9\u03c1\u03c4\u03b6\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1. (Dahlgren, Virginia).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a4\u03bf 1946 \u03b7 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1, 40 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u0392\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0395\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba II \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba III. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a4\u03bf 1949 \u03b7 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u0388\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4-\u039c\u03cc\u03c4\u03c3\u03bb\u03b9\u00a0 (Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation<\/a>) \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd \u0388\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4 (John Eckert<\/a>) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u00a0\u03a4\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd \u039c\u03cc\u03c3\u03bb\u03b9 (John Mauchly<\/a>) \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u0393\u0399\u039f\u03a5\u039d\u0399\u0392\u0391\u039a (UNIVAC<\/a>). \u038c\u03c3\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a6\u03bb\u03bf-\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba (Flow-Matic), \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a4\u03bf 1952, 46 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00ab\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u00bb, \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5. \u00ab\u0395\u03af\u03c7\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5. \u039c\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\u00bb.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n \u0397 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n “\u039f\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae. \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5,”\u0395\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1”. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9. \u0393\u03b9 ‘\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03c7\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1. “<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n \u03a0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf Mathematica \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Maple \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0397 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u00ab\u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u00bb \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u0398\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2, \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u0391\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ae \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1. \u0397 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd Flow-Matic, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 COBOL <\/strong>(Common Business Oriented Language) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a4\u03bf 1950 \u03b7 \u03a1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4 (Remington Rand Corporation<\/a>) \u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0388\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4-\u039c\u03cc\u03c4\u03c3\u03bb\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u0393\u039f\u03a5\u039d\u0399\u0392\u0391\u039a \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4. \u0397 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u0399\u039f\u03a5\u039d\u0399\u0392\u0391\u039a. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf 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\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5 \u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 (\u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf 1971, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 65 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 6 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 6 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ae\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0 ‘\u03b1\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03a0\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf 1973 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1977 (71 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd), \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0394\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n \u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u039b\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03a4\u03b6\u03ce\u03c1\u03c4\u03b6 \u039f\u03c5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd (George Washington) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd 1971 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0397 \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b2\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong>, 1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u00a0(0,000 000 001 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4) . \u0386\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 (\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1\u03cd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9) \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0386\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 30 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf. \u0388\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 “\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1”. \u0388\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 “\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1” \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 300 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf (1 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5). \u0391\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf DEC, \u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 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\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n \u03a4\u03bf 1991 \u03bf \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b6 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (National Medal of Technology). \u0389\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd :<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00ab\u2026 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\u00bb<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n \u0397 \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1992, 85 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0386\u03c1\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b9\u03c1\u03c4\u03b6\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac<\/p>\n\n\n\n [2] Ignotofksy, Rachel : \n\u201cWomen in Science – 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World\u201d<\/em>,\nTen Speed Press, 2016 <\/p>\n\n\n\n [3] Hopper , Grace Murray: \u201cNew Types of\nIrreducibility Criteria\u201d<\/em>, \nDissertation for PhD, 1934, Yale University , https:\/\/math.yale.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/grace_murray_hopper_thesis_0.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n [4] O’Connor,J J \nand Robertson, E F, \u201cGrace\nBrewster Murray Hopper\u201c<\/em> https:\/\/mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Hopper\/<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n [5] Dickason,\nElizabeth: \u201c<\/em>Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend in Her\nOwn Time<\/em>\u201d, Naval History and Heritage Command, https:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/library\/bibliographies\/hopper-grace-admiral-select-bibliography\/remembering-grace-m-hopper-legend-her-own-time.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n [6] Dickason,\nElizabeth: \u201cLooking Back: Grace Murray Hopper’s Younger Years\u201d,<\/em> Naval\nHistory and Heritage Command, https:\/\/www.doncio.navy.mil\/chips\/ArticleDetails.aspx?ID=2388<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n [7] The History of Computing Project: \u201cGrace Murray\nHopper\u201d<\/em> https:\/\/www.thocp.net\/biographies\/hopper_grace.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n [8] Wikipedia: \u201cGrace Murray Hopper\u201d<\/em> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grace_Hopper<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n [9] Pablo Stanley: \u201cThe story of Grace Hopper (aka Amazing\nGrace)<\/em>\u201d, Stanley Colors, http:\/\/www.stanleycolors.com\/2014\/12\/story-grace-hopper-aka-amazing-grace\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n [10] Conference Washington, DC, 1994: \u201cGrace Hopper\nCelebration of Women in Computing\u201d,<\/em> http:\/\/www.cs.yale.edu\/homes\/tap\/Files\/hopper-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n [11] Schieber, Philip: \u201cThe Wit and Wisdom of Grace Hopper\u201d<\/em>, The OCLC Newsletter, March\/April, 1987, No. 167 , http:\/\/www.cs.yale.edu\/homes\/tap\/Files\/hopper-wit.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n [12] Hamblen, Diane: \u201cOnly the Limits of Our Imagination: An Exclusive Interview with Rear Admiral Grace M. Hopper\u201d,<\/em> Naval History and Heritage Command, https:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/library\/bibliographies\/hopper-grace-admiral-select-bibliography\/only-limits-our-imagination-hopper.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Grace Hopper Lecture, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZR0ujwlvbkQ&t=823s <\/a>, 1 \u03ce\u03c1\u03b1, 25 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Grace Hopper: Lecture at University of Tennessee, 1993 – 1 of 3, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ABlivzyfhQE<\/a> 13:31 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac<\/p>\n\n\n\n Grace Hopper: Lecture at University of Tennessee, 1993 – 2 of 3, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Sn0f0vpn8jE<\/a> , 13:38 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hopper_3.jpeg?resize=150%2C150\")
<\/a>\u03a4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u00bb \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong> (Compiler).<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hopper-ship.png?fit=1024%2C449\")
\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hopper-baby.jpg?resize=625%2C416\")
<\/figure><\/li>![\"Hopper](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hopper-wikth-parents.jpg?resize=586%2C404\")
<\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hopper-clocks.jpg?resize=580%2C342\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n\u03a3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hopper-young.jpg?resize=442%2C412\")
<\/figure><\/li>![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hopper-with-friends.jpg?resize=470%2C409\")
<\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hop-navy.jpg?resize=493%2C411\")
<\/figure><\/li>![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/gracehgettyimages.jpg?resize=976%2C700\")
<\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"First](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/first-bug.jpg?resize=1024%2C810\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hopper-1.png?fit=1024%2C459\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Grace-Hopper.jpg?resize=513%2C450\")
<\/figure><\/li>![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hopper_3.jpeg?resize=257%2C326\")
<\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"HopperClock\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/clockcouter-clockwise.jpg?resize=212%2C300\")
<\/a>\u039f \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03a7\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae\u03bb\u03c0\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2.<\/p>\n![\"Cobol](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/cobolhopper.png\"\/)
<\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"Cobol](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/develop-support-or-debug-cobol-batch-or-cics-programs1.png?resize=680%2C481\")
![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/grace2gettyimages.jpg?resize=976%2C549\")
<\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/grace_hopper_resize_md.jpg?resize=668%2C1024\")
<\/figure><\/li>![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/GraceHopper.jpg?resize=300%2C385\")
<\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\u039d\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hopper-nano.png?resize=987%2C537\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/HapperGrace.jpg?resize=406%2C296\")
<\/figure><\/li>![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hopper-old.jpg?resize=474%2C422\")
<\/figure><\/li>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hopper-admiral.png?resize=694%2C662\")
<\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Hepper](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hopper-Reagan.jpg?resize=449%2C340\")
![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hopper-interview.jpg?resize=400%2C282\")
<\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/gracecelebration.jpg?resize=976%2C699\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/visionaries.jpg?resize=516%2C231\")
\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Grace](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hopperbook.jpg?resize=188%2C300\")
<\/a> [1] Beyer, Kurt: \u201cGrace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age\u201d<\/em>, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009<\/p>\n\n\n\nYoutube<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/IMG_1359-e1551549963487-150x150.jpg?resize=150%2C150\")
<\/a>\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u039b\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2