{"id":4925,"date":"2025-11-09T22:09:10","date_gmt":"2025-11-09T22:09:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/?p=4925"},"modified":"2025-11-10T22:12:28","modified_gmt":"2025-11-10T22:12:28","slug":"descartes-vs-fermat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/descartes-vs-fermat\/","title":{"rendered":"\u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0395\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f 17\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd: \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a1\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u039f\u03b9 \u03a0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/M2I5CLAXIBEBHAZ5MMX444YVZA1.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\" data-attachment-id=\"4931\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/m2i5claxibebhaz5mmx444yvza1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/M2I5CLAXIBEBHAZ5MMX444YVZA1.jpg?fit=1200%2C677&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,677\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Descartes Fewrmat\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/M2I5CLAXIBEBHAZ5MMX444YVZA1.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/M2I5CLAXIBEBHAZ5MMX444YVZA1.jpg?fit=1024%2C578&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/M2I5CLAXIBEBHAZ5MMX444YVZA1.jpg?resize=1024%2C578\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4931\" style=\"width:504px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/M2I5CLAXIBEBHAZ5MMX444YVZA1.jpg?resize=1024%2C578&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/M2I5CLAXIBEBHAZ5MMX444YVZA1.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/M2I5CLAXIBEBHAZ5MMX444YVZA1.jpg?resize=768%2C433&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/M2I5CLAXIBEBHAZ5MMX444YVZA1.jpg?resize=730%2C412&amp;ssl=1 730w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/M2I5CLAXIBEBHAZ5MMX444YVZA1.jpg?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u039f <strong>\u03a1\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4<\/strong> (1596\u20131650) (\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/descartes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf<\/a>) \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u0393\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u0396\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039f\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u00abCogito, ergo sum\u00bb (\u00ab\u03a3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u00bb) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u2014 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>O \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af: \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ae \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2\u00bb, \u00ab\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b6\u03ce\u03bf\u00bb, \u00ab\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03ba\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u00bb. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0.\u03c7., \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb \u03ae, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac, \u03c9\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Descartes2.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"615\" height=\"720\" data-attachment-id=\"4379\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/descartes2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Descartes2.jpg?fit=615%2C720&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"615,720\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Descartes2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Descartes2.jpg?fit=256%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Descartes2.jpg?fit=615%2C720&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Descartes2.jpg?resize=615%2C720\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4379\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Descartes2.jpg?w=615&amp;ssl=1 615w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Descartes2.jpg?resize=256%2C300&amp;ssl=1 256w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u03a1\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pierre_de_Fermat.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"299\" height=\"400\" data-attachment-id=\"4934\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/pierre_de_fermat\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pierre_de_Fermat.jpg?fit=299%2C400&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"299,400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Pierre_de_Fermat\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pierre_de_Fermat.jpg?fit=224%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pierre_de_Fermat.jpg?fit=299%2C400&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pierre_de_Fermat.jpg?resize=299%2C400\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4934\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pierre_de_Fermat.jpg?w=299&amp;ssl=1 299w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pierre_de_Fermat.jpg?resize=224%2C300&amp;ssl=1 224w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 299px) 100vw, 299px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u03a0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1 \u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>\u039f <a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u03a0\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac<\/a> (1601\u20131665), \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u0393\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u039c\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0398\u03c5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd: \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03a4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u0398\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u00bb \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 350 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 (1995), \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc <a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%82\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u03a3\u03b5\u03c1 \u0386\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03b9\u03bb\u03c2<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd, \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 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\u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong> , <strong>\u03a7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a6\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u2019 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03b5\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u039f\u03b9 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, La Dioptrique, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1637, &#8220;<em>Discours de la m\u00e9thode.<\/em>&#8221; \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Descartes_double_rainbow.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"539\" data-attachment-id=\"4936\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/rene-descartes-double-rainbow-1637-illustration\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Descartes_double_rainbow.jpg?fit=800%2C539&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,539\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Science Photo Library&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Rene Descartes&#039; sketch of how primary and secondary rainbows are formed. Theodoric of Freiberg is known to have given an accurate theoretical explanation of both the primary and secondary rainbows in 1307. He explained the primary rainbow, noting that when sunlight falls on individual drops of moisture, the rays undergo two refractions and one reflection before transmission into the eye of the observer. He explained the secondary rainbow through a similar analysis involving two refractions and two reflections. Rene Descartes&#039; 1637 treatise, Discourse on Method, further advanced this explanation. Knowing that the size of raindrops did not appear to affect the observed rainbow, he experimented with passing rays of light through a large glass sphere filled with water. By measuring the angles that the rays emerged, he concluded that the primary bow was caused by a single internal reflection inside the raindrop and that a secondary bow could be caused by two internal reflections. He supported this conclusion with a derivation of the law of refraction and correctly calculated the angles for both bows. This image has been enhanced.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Science Source\\\/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Rene Descartes, double rainbow, 1637 illustration&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Rene Descartes, double rainbow, 1637 illustration\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Rene Descartes&#8217; sketch of how primary and secondary rainbows are formed. Theodoric of Freiberg is known to have given an accurate theoretical explanation of both the primary and secondary rainbows in 1307. He explained the primary rainbow, noting that when sunlight falls on individual drops of moisture, the rays undergo two refractions and one reflection before transmission into the eye of the observer. He explained the secondary rainbow through a similar analysis involving two refractions and two reflections. Rene Descartes&#8217; 1637 treatise, Discourse on Method, further advanced this explanation. Knowing that the size of raindrops did not appear to affect the observed rainbow, he experimented with passing rays of light through a large glass sphere filled with water. By measuring the angles that the rays emerged, he concluded that the primary bow was caused by a single internal reflection inside the raindrop and that a secondary bow could be caused by two internal reflections. He supported this conclusion with a derivation of the law of refraction and correctly calculated the angles for both bows. This image has been enhanced.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Descartes_double_rainbow.jpg?fit=300%2C202&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Descartes_double_rainbow.jpg?fit=800%2C539&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Descartes_double_rainbow.jpg?resize=800%2C539\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4936\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Descartes_double_rainbow.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Descartes_double_rainbow.jpg?resize=300%2C202&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Descartes_double_rainbow.jpg?resize=768%2C517&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Descartes_double_rainbow.jpg?resize=730%2C492&amp;ssl=1 730w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03be\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u2014\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u2014 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1. \u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (maxima\/minima), \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1640. \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a1\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <strong>\u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <strong>\u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/desc-fernat-tangent.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"646\" height=\"339\" data-attachment-id=\"4937\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/desc-fernat-tangent\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/desc-fernat-tangent.png?fit=646%2C339&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"646,339\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"desc-fernat-tangent\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/desc-fernat-tangent.png?fit=300%2C157&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/desc-fernat-tangent.png?fit=646%2C339&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/desc-fernat-tangent.png?resize=646%2C339\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4937\" style=\"width:646px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/desc-fernat-tangent.png?w=646&amp;ssl=1 646w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/desc-fernat-tangent.png?resize=300%2C157&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 <strong>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1638, \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 &#8220;<em>La G\u00e9om\u00e9trie<\/em>&#8220;, \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1. \u039b\u03af\u03b3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03bf \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (maxima\/minima) \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/x3.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"777\" height=\"484\" data-attachment-id=\"4941\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/x3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/x3.png?fit=777%2C484&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"777,484\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"x3+y3=3axy\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/x3.png?fit=300%2C187&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/x3.png?fit=777%2C484&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/x3.png?resize=777%2C484\" alt=\"x3+y3=3axy\" class=\"wp-image-4941\" style=\"width:520px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/x3.png?w=777&amp;ssl=1 777w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/x3.png?resize=300%2C187&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/x3.png?resize=768%2C478&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/x3.png?resize=730%2C455&amp;ssl=1 730w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">x<sup>3<\/sup> + y<sup>3<\/sup> = 3axy<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:33px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 x<sup>3<\/sup>+y<sup>3<\/sup>=3axy&nbsp;, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u039f \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7. \u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5: \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5, \u03bf \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac, \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pre-Calculus-1-1024x5761-1.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-attachment-id=\"4945\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/pre-calculus-1-1024x5761\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pre-Calculus-1-1024x5761-1.png?fit=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,576\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Pre-Calculus\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pre-Calculus-1-1024x5761-1.png?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pre-Calculus-1-1024x5761-1.png?fit=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pre-Calculus-1-1024x5761-1.png?resize=1024%2C576\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4945\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pre-Calculus-1-1024x5761-1.png?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pre-Calculus-1-1024x5761-1.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pre-Calculus-1-1024x5761-1.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Pre-Calculus-1-1024x5761-1.png?resize=730%2C411&amp;ssl=1 730w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:22px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1-\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u2014\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7. \u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd, \u03b5\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03ad\u03bd (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marin_Mersenne\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marin Mersenne<\/a>) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0396\u03b9\u03bb \u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03a1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilles_de_Roberval\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gilles de Roberval<\/a>), \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u00bb (\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae) \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb, \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac, \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Prob1_Graph41.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"309\" height=\"273\" data-attachment-id=\"4940\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/prob1_graph41\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Prob1_Graph41.png?fit=309%2C273&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"309,273\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Prob1_Graph4[1]\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Prob1_Graph41.png?fit=300%2C265&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Prob1_Graph41.png?fit=309%2C273&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Prob1_Graph41.png?resize=309%2C273\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4940\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Prob1_Graph41.png?w=309&amp;ssl=1 309w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Prob1_Graph41.png?resize=300%2C265&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:16px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1. \u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2\u2014\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7: \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0397 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Fermats-principle-wave-ray-optics-111.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"695\" data-attachment-id=\"4943\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/fermats-principle-wave-ray-optics-111\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Fermats-principle-wave-ray-optics-111.jpg?fit=750%2C695&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"750,695\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Fermats-principle-wave-ray-optics-11[1]\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Fermats-principle-wave-ray-optics-111.jpg?fit=300%2C278&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Fermats-principle-wave-ray-optics-111.jpg?fit=750%2C695&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Fermats-principle-wave-ray-optics-111.jpg?resize=750%2C695\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4943\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Fermats-principle-wave-ray-optics-111.jpg?w=750&amp;ssl=1 750w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Fermats-principle-wave-ray-optics-111.jpg?resize=300%2C278&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Fermats-principle-wave-ray-optics-111.jpg?resize=730%2C676&amp;ssl=1 730w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:22px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf Z\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u039c\u03c0\u03c9\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_de_Beaugrand\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jean de Beaugrand<\/a>) \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 &#8220;<em>La Dioptrique<\/em>&#8220;, \u03bf \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03ad\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 &#8220;\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1&#8221; \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 &#8220;\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf. \u039f \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 &#8220;\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5&#8221;: \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd &#8220;\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03b7&#8221;. \u039f \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac, \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b9\u03c9\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u039f \u03a1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bf \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 17\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1. \u039f \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03ad\u03bd, \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0395\u03c4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89tienne_Pascal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00c9tienne Pascal<\/a>), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039a\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4 \u039c\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c1\u03b6 (<a href=\"https:\/\/mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Mydorge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Claude Mydorge<\/a>) , <a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0393\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03b6\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba<\/a> (Girard Desargues) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0391\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03cd. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf 1638, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a3\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039a\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u2013\u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4:<\/strong> \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 &#8220;<em>La G\u00e9om\u00e9trie<\/em>&#8220;, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03ac, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac:<\/strong> \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1: \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u03a4\u03bf \u0391\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2. \u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2. \u039f \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u03a4\u03bf \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 &#8220;\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03ad\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u2014 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03c9\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf \u03a6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf \u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 350 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u2014 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lasttheorem.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"525\" data-attachment-id=\"4944\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/lasttheorem\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lasttheorem.png?fit=741%2C525&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"741,525\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"lasttheorem\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lasttheorem.png?fit=300%2C213&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lasttheorem.png?fit=741%2C525&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lasttheorem.png?resize=741%2C525\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4944\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lasttheorem.png?w=741&amp;ssl=1 741w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lasttheorem.png?resize=300%2C213&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lasttheorem.png?resize=730%2C517&amp;ssl=1 730w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u00ab\u0388\u03c7\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9.\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hal Hellman, \u201c<em>Great Feuds in Mathematics, Ten of the liveliest disputes ever<\/em>\u201d, Wiley, 2006<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paul J. Nahin, \u201c<em>When Least Is Best How Mathematicians Discovered Many Clever Ways to Make Things as Small (or as Large) as Possible<\/em>\u201d, Princeton University Press. 2007<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jacqueline Stedall, \u201c<em>John Wallis and the French: his quarrels with Fermat, Pascal, Dulaurens, and Descartes<\/em>\u201d, Historia Mathematica, Volume 39, Issue 3, August 2012, Pages 265-279 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0315086012000080\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0315086012000080<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lindsay Skinner, &#8220;<em>The World Before Calculus: Historical Approaches to the Tangent Line Problem<\/em>&#8221; (2015). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. <a href=\"https:\/\/cedar.wwu.edu\/wwu_honors\/13\">https:\/\/cedar.wwu.edu\/wwu_honors\/13<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Roger Ariew and Erik-Jan Bos, &nbsp;\u201c<em>Ren\u00e9 Descartes: The Complete Correspondence in English Translation Volume I: From the Early Years to the Discourse on Method, 1619\u20131638\u201d, &nbsp;<\/em>Oxford University Press, 2024<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shashank Kumar, \u201c<em>Fermat, Descartes, and The Dawn of Differential Calculus<\/em>\u201d, medium.com <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cantorsparadise.com\/fermat-descartes-and-the-dawn-of-differential-calculus-80472d35c0c1\">https:\/\/www.cantorsparadise.com\/fermat-descartes-and-the-dawn-of-differential-calculus-80472d35c0c1<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pierre de Fermat, &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Fermat\/\">https:\/\/mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Fermat\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ashley Langham, \u201cPierre de Fermat, Judge Turned Mathematician.\u201d , <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elephantlearning.com\/post\/pierre-de-fermat-judge-turned-mathematician\">https:\/\/www.elephantlearning.com\/post\/pierre-de-fermat-judge-turned-mathematician<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mich\u00e8le Gr\u00e9goire, \u201c<em>La correspondance entre Descartes et Fermat<\/em>\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/rhs_0151-4105_1998_num_51_2_1329\">https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/rhs_0151-4105_1998_num_51_2_1329<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gabriela R. Sanchis, &#8220;<em>Historical Activities for Calculus &#8211; Module 2: Tangent Lines Then and Now&#8221;<\/em>,  <a href=\"https:\/\/old.maa.org\/press\/periodicals\/convergence\/historical-activities-for-calculus-module-2-tangent-lines-then-and-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/old.maa.org\/press\/periodicals\/convergence\/historical-activities-for-calculus-module-2-tangent-lines-then-and-now<\/a>, Mathematical Association of America.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Youtube<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When Descartes Challenged Fermat (and Lost)&nbsp; 47:34 &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xKfEmbWBgvM\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xKfEmbWBgvM<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:22% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" data-attachment-id=\"3980\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/fe2\/cropped-chris1-jpg\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/cropped-chris1.jpg?fit=512%2C512&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"512,512\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"chris\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;http:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/cropped-chris1.jpg&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/cropped-chris1.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/cropped-chris1.jpg?fit=512%2C512&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/cropped-chris1.jpg?resize=512%2C512\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3980 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/cropped-chris1.jpg?w=512&amp;ssl=1 512w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/cropped-chris1.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/cropped-chris1.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/cropped-chris1.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, 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\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 - \u03ae \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 - \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf 1796. \u0393\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u00ab\u0397 \u039d\u03ad\u03b1 \u03a6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u00bb \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u039c\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u039c\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd (Mount\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;history&quot;","block_context":{"text":"history","link":"https:\/\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/category\/history\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"\u03a6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u039a\u03b9\u03bb\u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/060420_Kilmainham_Gaol_0091.jpg?fit=1200%2C839&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/060420_Kilmainham_Gaol_0091.jpg?fit=1200%2C839&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/060420_Kilmainham_Gaol_0091.jpg?fit=1200%2C839&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/060420_Kilmainham_Gaol_0091.jpg?fit=1200%2C839&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lazaris.net\/lazaris\/chris\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/060420_Kilmainham_Gaol_0091.jpg?fit=1200%2C839&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 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